Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition free essay sample

Human existence is highly religious because man, with all his powers, cannot master or control himself and the world around him. * Kierkegaard maintains that since repetition is highly religious, recollection is psychological. Hence, for him, recollection is to treat life from the pagan point of view. * â€Å"Recollection is the pagan life-view, repetition is the modern life-view; repetition is the interest of metaphysics.. Repetition is the solution contained in every ethical view†. Since repetition is also ethical, it is marvelous, and it must come about in the ways of the absurd. Western Metaphysics is a Recollection * Western metaphysics is said to be purely recollection. In fact, Plato attempted to explain knowledge through anamnesis, a process of remembering the past. * Kierkegaard said, â€Å"A Greek would prefer to recollect, unless his conscience were to frighten him; and modern philosophy makes no movement generally it only makes a fuss and what movement it makes is always within immanence, whereas repetition is always transcendence. We will write a custom essay sample on Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †. Misuse of Language * Kierkegaard resists language because for him, it is a wretched human invention. He said: â€Å"What a wretched invention human language is. It says one thing and means another! † * Using one’s name to tell something is not a philosophical stand for Kierkegaard; it is a characteristic of a recollecting person. Chapter 19: Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s â€Å"Yogi and the proletarian† Brief Biography * Maurice Merleau-Ponty was born on March 14, 1908. * He studied philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure and graduated in 1930 * He served in the French military during World War II. * He became one of the foremost French philosophers. Like his father, he was associated with the existentialist school but he denied his connection with existentialism because his ideas were not so much on freedom, anguish, responsibility, and death * He also served as a political editor for the Les Temps Modernes from October 1945 until he died of a stroke. General Philosophy * Merlaeau-Ponty asserts the significance of humanism as a lived experience. Perception, for him, is not causal product of different sensations; rather, it is an active dimension as it is a perception to the life of the world. Thus, he adopts Husserl’s slogan, â€Å"All consciousness is consciousness of something. † * In the Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty says that while art captures man’s individual perception, science, on the other hand, neglects to explain the depth it seeks to analyze. * For him, science is individualistic because it does not talk about human subjectivity; instead it only talks about positivism or objective facts. â€Å"Yogi and the Proletarian† * The problem Merleau-ponty addresses in his essay, â€Å"The Yogi and the Proletarian,† is the tension between ideology and its application by the proletarian. There is a tension between the two because the misuse of ideology, to a certain extent, has led to terror. * Historically, it is also a tension between the poor and the rich. Merleau-Ponty said, â€Å"The revolution of 1893 is terror because it is abstract, and it attempts to pass immediately from principles to the forced application of those principles. † A revolution must come, according to Merleau-Ponty, from the movement of history and not from the so-called committee of public safety. Two solutions for an abstract revolution: * Let the revolution mature and support it; and Depend not on the decisions of a committee of public safety but on a movement of history. Revolution and Terror * The start of terror was attributed to the decline of proletarian humanism. Merleau-Ponty establishes his point by setting Trotsky as his model. * Trotsky was involved with Marx’s proletarian philosophy, which stressed grounded history as the history. This kind of philosophy is grounde d on the history of the masses. It is a historical reality, because the people below are exploited in this new order of philosophy. This proletarian philosophy roused many intellectuals in Europe during the ripe days of facism. However, this new mode of thinking was challenged when World War II erupted. The historic mission of the Proletariat * The Marxist conception of history asserts that â€Å"economic history will become stable only through the collective appropriation of nature at the hands of the proletariat. From this perspective, it is the proletariat which given a historical mission, and its struggle becomes of major importance. † * In creating a humanity that is historically grounded, the world has to adopt the proletarian philosophy, which is certainly against the society designed by the scholars, saints, princes, and government officials. Could we develop a philosophy that could bind the prince and the pauper to work for common interest? * The historical mission of proletariat is, Merleau-Ponty, to gain a wise balance power because giving them their role to create themselves means reciprocity. Yogi and Humanism * This is a situation where reciprocity is impossible the proletariat is not considered in terms of his/her capacity to determine and to situate himself/herself in the world, which, according to Merleau-Ponty, is more vital than the product of his/her physical powers. The yogi and the proletarian have a common mission: Making humanity real—a kind of humanity that is felt and expressed freely in the world contrary to the Cartesian notion of indubitable truth, which is only good in understanding and condemning, but not in making moral judgements. Chapter 17: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Brief Biography Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the town of Rocken, province of Saxony, Germ any. His father, Carl Ludwig, was a Lutheran pastor and teacher. His Mother was Francisca Oehler. Nietzsche was a poet. He is known to have contributed the idea, â€Å"God is dead. † He also distinguished the master and slave moralities, according to which, there is celebration of life on the one hand and so much suffering on the other. The most recurring theme in his philosophy is the will of power. This implies the power of human behavior to survive at all costs. On August 25, 1900, Nietzsche contracted pneumonia. When he died, his sister buried him beside their father in Rocken. Nietzsche’s works include: 1) The Birth of Tragedy (1872) 2) Thus Spoke Zaranthustra (1885) 3) The Will to Power (1883-1889) 4) Beyond Good and Evil ( 1886) ) On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) 6) The Case of Wagner (1887) 7) Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist (1888) 8) Ecce Homo (1888) The Birth of Tragedy * The Birth of Tragedy (1887-1888) is Nietzsche’s first book, which talked about science from the viewpoint of the artist. * For Nietzsche, art, which rest upon the Greek culture, was the definitio n of human existence. * His admiration for music was emphasized. * The literature influenced Nietzsche’s philosophy since he admired Greek culture, especially how well they translated the tragedy of human existence into drama and music. The Birth of Tragedy is a question of the famous contrast of the so-called Apollonian and Dionysian spirits. What distinguishes the two is that the Dionysian spirit desires the original oneness while the Apollonian desires the individual form. Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Wagner Richard Wagner and Arthur Schopenhauer played a vital role in Nietzsche’s life. * Wagner initiated Nietzsche into the mysteries of art and life. * Schopenhauer initiated him into the school of Superman and Overman. Chapter 18: Martin Heidegger’s Politics and Ideology * Brief Biography Full name:Martin Heidegger Born:September 26, 1889 Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany School:University of Freiburg (1909-1911) Studied: Theology Completed Doctoral Degree on Psychologism (1914) Studied: Philosophy * He served as a soldier during World War I. * He was chosen to hold an office of extraordinary professorship in 1923 in University of Marburg. * He retired in 1982 and stayed at the University of Freiburg for the rest of his life. * He died on My 26, 1976 at the age of 86. * Political Influences * The Nazi dictatorship culminated when Adolf Hitler suspended all civil liberalities when a building named â€Å"Reichstag† was bombed on February 27, 1933. Hitler rashly suspected the communists for the bombing. Several communist were arrested and placed in concentration camps. Hitler became very strong because he acquired all powers including those of the law-making body. * Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl * Husserl worked out his philosophy in the context of phenomenology which emphasizes the importance of human existence as lived in day-to-day context. * The relationship of the two was damaged by controversies and ideological issues. * The eventual breakup of their friendship terminated on May 1, 1933 when Heidegger joined the National Socialist Movement. Martin Heidegger and Nazism * Nazism, the common short form name of  National Socialism (German:  Nationalsozialismus) was the  belief  and practice of the  National Socialist German Workers Party  (otherwise known as the Nazi Party). * The relation between the philosopher  Martin Heidegger  and the  Nazi Party  is a controversial subject. * Martin Heidegger joined the  Nazi Party  on May 1, 1933, nearly three weeks after being appointed Rector of the  University of Freiburg. Heidegger resigned the rectorship about one year later, in April 1934, but remained a member of the Party until the end of  World War II. His first act as Rector was to eliminate all democratic structures, including those that had elected him Rector. There were  book burnings  on his campus, some of which he successfully stopped, as well as some student violenc e. * People, Mission, Destiny: An Ideology * Heidegger’s political ideology is taken in the perspective of history within which he was active. Common in all his speeches were the terms: * Volk (people) – Believe that should be collected into one that would be in control of the destiny. * Aufrag (mission) – The German community in the midst of a struggle * Schicksal (destiny) Fate The ground of this was the so-called Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community). * People and Growth * Volk was considered an organism: an organic whole evolving in time. * The idea about people was regarded to be a competition: the weaker ones gave way to the stronger ones. This was an affirmation of Darwinism which claimed that the evolution is ascending. * Ascension means a change for the best and takes place as nature develops. * According to Kant, â€Å"A maxim is a rule. Everything in nature happens according to rules (called the laws of nature). * The German Spiritual Regeneration As Germans ascended, nations in Europe, particularly France and England, declined, they were overthrown. So it was natural then that the German race became influential and strong. Hence racism became the core of the social structure. * Heidegger’s political ideology of the Germans finding their own identity was ful filled through spiritual regeneration called an inner change * The Nature Of Inner Collection * Innerlichkeit (inner collection) – a change of thinking and behaving the Volk should be involved in it. * Heidegger’s ideology aims to rediscover the historical destiny of Germany. Spiritual leadership starts with the self; it is inward rather the outward. The opposite is taught by the British and the Americans. * The Role of The School in Inner Collection * It is in the school that the Volk imbibe the true essence of history and destiny. * Heidegger believes that everything can be possible if people are conditioned first in school. * The beginning of the task starts in it, as the university is the home of spirituality. * The task begins with teaching future leaders, â€Å"den Fuhrer zu Fuhren† (to lead the leader). * The Platonic Leadership For Plato, leadership must emanate from the philosopher-king or the wise and properly educated. * Education is not a mere end but a means toward a further end. * For Heidegger, it is not knowledge that administers what is supposed to be for the community of the people. The leadership of the people also starts with the leaders or the scholars of a university. As leaders of a university, they must be able to maintain academic and managerial powers to unite the fragmented departments. * For Heidegger, the society should use Platonic leadership. People should be led not by the mere power of the leader or the iron of his fist, but by forms and the authentic grounding of being. * * The English and German Ways * Many ideologues have commented that England and America give more importance to private interests. Germany would rather work as a people or as a nation. * Private interest is subordinated by the will of the community as a whole. * This contrasting English and German ways allow the world to know that the former are traders while the latter are heroes. The German way of life is a package of self-sacrifice and endurance, duty of the nation, and defense of it as a community. * Self-Sacrifice: The German Spiritual Mission * Heidegger wanted nothing of the German life but dedication and self-sacrifice, qualities he kept on repeating so that the German spiritual mission would emerge. * For him, it is clear that the true meaning of life is in making a sacrifice for the community rather than for the self. * Satisfaction can be a chieved in one’s life for the community. Only then can the world find its direction to the vision of Being. Technology and Nihilism * Nihilism   An extreme form of scepticism that denies all existence. A doctrine holding that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. * Heidegger became an anti-modernist. He strongly argued that industrial technology brings nihilism to the world. * Many considered technology as a project not only of the will of the person but also his intelligence. * However, Catholic universities during that time made a policy for the university leaders to take an oath against modernism. He was one of the victims of this policy. His breakup from Catholic philosophy plays a major role in directing the course of mankind’s history. The so –called loss of faith of Heidegger’s part was due to the papal belief that all aspects of man’s life have to be controlled by the church, one he thought to be absurd. * Volkisch Totalitarianism * Volkisch Totalitarianism – Another term for Heidegger’s ideology Require s a total subjection of the people It is humane and is more likely uphold the integrity of the individual * For the people, it means leading their activities for the welfare of their own community. It means working together for the common good.

Masking Emotions and Mental Wars essays

Masking Emotions and Mental Wars essays When an individual tries to cope with emotions after a certain incident in their lives, they sometimes find themselves in a confused state of mind. Some decide to express their emotions out in the open, while others choose to withhold them. Regardless, each choice has a consequence. Some deal with emotions by refusing to see the truth, while others are unable to reveal it. Sometimes the truth must come out. Others are too inexperienced with the realities of emotional traumas that they are unable to cope with their feelings. Those that keep it inside allow the emotions to build up to a point in which the person is unable to find peace within themselves. In the works Othello, by William Shakespeare and A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, protagonists Othello and Gene go through a mental war, in which they put on a persona to hide the truth from the outside world. Through this, it is shown, when the characters mask their emotions it leads to irrationality, overwhelmed jealousy an d inconsolable guilt. Logical thinking ceases to exist when Othello and Gene hide their emotions from others. Othello refuses to see the truth, whereas, Gene is unable to reveal the truth. Therefore, they begin to bury their emotions deep within themselves and eventually these feelings take over their state of mind. Rather than talking to those that it involved, Othello and Gene decide they rather bring harm to them. Genes interests lie primarily in getting good grades and studying, but he finds himself drawn to his roommate Finny who has all the qualities of a leader and a fighter. There is a personal struggle between Gene and Finny. They are best friends, but at the same time enemies. Gene is jealous of Finny and resents him; he chooses to deal with this by hiding his emotions and bringing pain to his defenseless friend. Gene in his confused state of mind decides to push Finny from the tree, Holding firmly to the tree trunk, I...

Slave vs, Slave owners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Slave vs, Slave owners - Essay Example Their arguments illustrate Thomas Jefferson’s observation that the abolition of slaves exposed two overriding concerns: Justice is on one side and Self-preservation on the other.    I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arguments in favour of justice were put forward by various groups of slaves in their petitions in favour of slavery abolition. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The slaves felt that they were born with the divine right to live freely in this free country of God. Just like their other fellow human beings, they too had the natural right to freedom. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"by divine permission are held in a state of Slavery within the bowels of a free and Christian Country† 2. â€Å"have in common with all other men a natural right to †¦ freedoms without being deprived of them by †¦ fellow men† B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some petitions have expressed the slaves’ claim for freedom of religion by highlighting the fact that all humans, being the creations of the Almighty, must be tr eated equally and given the freedom to choose their own religion. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"detained in a State of Slavery in the Bowels of a free & Christian Country† 2. ... Arguments in favour of self-preservation were presented by the slave-owners who opposed the abolition. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abolition raised the potential risk of proliferation of slave trade by the free Negroes. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"many Evils have Arisen from a Partial emancipation of Slaves† 2. â€Å"to prevent free Negroes or mulattoes trading with or For slaves† B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some slave owners even felt that the Act of the Legislature for a General Emancipation was â€Å"a flagrant Contempt of the constituent Powers of the Commonwealth† as well as â€Å"a daring attack on that sacred Constitution†. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"a flagrant Contempt of the constituent Powers of the Commonwealth† 2. â€Å"a daring attack on that sacred Constitution† C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  However the issue that breathed through almost all such petitions was the irreparable damage caused to the economy and the perpetual loss of the country’s freedom and happiness. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Want, Poverty, Distress, and Ruin†¦Breach of public Faith and Loss of Credit† 2. â€Å"final Ruin to this now flourishing free and happy Country† Conclusion Evaluation Rubric References Slaves Vs. Slave-owners Thomas Jefferson was a steady opponent of slavery throughout his political life. According to Jefferson, the rhetoric of justice and self-preservation dominated the arguments for and against abolition in the revolutionary and post-revolutionary period. The same is evident in the arguments of justice and self-preservation in the slave petitions for freedom and slave-owner petitions against manumission in the period 1773-1785. Slaves who petitioned for their freedom during and after the American Revolution made three arguments in favour of their liberation: freedom of rights, freedom of religion and freedom of justice. The slave-owners in Virginia

The Technological Innovations and the Business Strategy of BBC Essay

The Technological Innovations and the Business Strategy of BBC - Essay Example Over the years, the company grew from a single person entity to one that employs people in the thousands and spans across the globe in its operations. (Briggs, 1985) The BBC is well known for its record of impartiality and independence in reporting and coverage of news events. Though there has been some criticism in the recent past about the way in which it has handled some events, nonetheless, on the whole, the record of BBC has been relatively unblemished. The BBC is a pioneer in terms of launching a global news channel covering almost all regions in the world. To quote from the profile of BBC on its website, â€Å"The BBC is the largest broadcasting organization in the world. Its mission is to enrich peoples lives with programmes that inform, educate and entertain. It is a public service broadcaster, established by a Royal Charter and funded by the license fee that is paid by UK households. The BBC uses the income from the license fee to provide services including 8 national TV channels plus regional programming, 10 national radio stations, 40 local radio stations and an extensive website.† (BBC, 2010) The business strategy of BBC is relatively straightforward. The primary revenue earner for BBC is through its license fee that averages around 145 GBP per year per household. This is the fee paid by individual households to receive the broadcast television in the UK. Though there is no fee to own a television in the UK, there is a fee to receive the cable TV. However, the world service of the BBC is funded by government and as the website puts it, â€Å"BBC World Service broadcasts to the world on radio, on TV and online, providing news and information in 32 languages. It is funded by a government grant, not from the license fee.† (BBC, 2010) The technological innovations that have been introduced by the BBC are to do with the re-launched news website that receives visitors in the millions. The BBC claims the site to be "Europe's most popular content-based site" and states that 13.2  million people in the UK visit the site's more than two million pages each day.

Communication Skills Required For Holistic Nursing Care Nursing Essay

Communication Skills Required For Holistic Nursing Care Nursing Essay The communication skills required for holistic nursing care of patients in adult nursing. The American Holistic Nurses Association (AHNA) defines holistic nursing as all nursing practice that has healing the whole person as its goal. Holistic nursing recognises that there is a connection between a persons mind, environment, culture, emotions and body. holistic nursing is not necessarily something that you do; it is an attitude, a philosophy and a way of being. American Holistic Nurses Association 1998. The Oxford online dictionary defines the word holistic as: medicine characterized by the treatment of the whole person, taking into account mental and social factors, rather than just the symptoms of a disease. Oxford Dictionary online 2010. There are two types of communication, verbal and non-verbal. Communication is the exchange of information, verbally or non-verbally. The Oxford dictionary defines the word communication as: the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Oxford Dictionary online 2010. verbal communication is speaking face to face to someone using words, sounds, speech and language. Verbal communication is separated into two types, public speaking and interpersonal communication. There are over 3000 languages spoken in the world and verbal communication is based largely on these as well as class, profession, age and social factors. some sources suggest that written communication is verbal as well as non-verbal. Non-verbal communication is email, letters, databases, social networking sites, text messaging as well as body language. Body language is an important means of communication, it includes gestures, eye contact, expressions and posture. How we communicate non-verbally is extremely important and sends strong messages as to whether you care and to what extent you are listening. We communicate this way by how we sit, the tone and pace of how we talk, how much personal space we use and the eye contact we make. There are five roles in non-verbal communication: Repetition the message we send can repeat the verbal message. Contradiction the message we send can contradict the verbal message. Substitution the message we send can be substituted by our body language. Complementing this adds to the verbal message e.g. a hug or a pat on the back. Accenting this underlines the message e.g. punching a wall or slamming a door. There are many barriers with communication such as: learning disabilities languages blindness/ deafness gender culture age professionalism the ability to digest information and bad news lost or incomplete records Language differences pose a large barrier in effective communication for nurses, although the option for a translator is often accessible, although it may not be readily at hand. There are also regional dialects that present barriers, for example, different regions refer to bodily parts and functions differently. Such as to pass urine may be commonly known as having a wee, taking a pee etc. Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011 Maintaining eye contact with someone who is blind or from a religion that doesnt allow this may also be a significant barrier. To overcome this you would need to ensure that the rest of your body language was correct and consistent. Asking questions that are open ended or asking the patient to repeat the question back would be the best way to ensure that the patient has clearly understood you and what information you are relaying to them. Another barrier may be if a patient had a learning disability and required a parent, guardian or advocate present. You need to ensure that you fully understand the disability your patient had and to what effect certain gestures may have, for example, eye contact with an autistic patient may be deemed aggressive. This is where a nurse needs to assess a patients holistic (or whole) needs, and what brings them to their care. A patient may have only been admitted with a knee injury but how was that injury sustained? This is were holistic nursing care is most important. A knee injury may not be a one off incident, it may be through lifestyle choices, e.g. are they sports fanatics, regular walkers etc. For a nurse to just assess that patients knee injury on face value may lead to the patient being readmitted with the same injury. Again, asking questions that require more than just a yes or no answer, these are called open questions, or asking the patient to non-verbally communicate how they sustained their illness or injury by filling out a questionnaire. The Nursing Times 2007 says that communicating correctly is a basic yet fundamental requirement of good nursing and the breakdown of communication can quickly ruin the already delicate nurse/patient relationship. Other barriers in nurse/patient communication is that nurses are often pushed for time, facing targets, have a lack of privacy or lack of training. This can often make holistic nursing impossible. The communication skills required for holistic nursing (given the correct conditions) are: having the correct patient information. Observe a patients body language. Maintain eye contact where possible. Listen properly. Avoid difficult to understand medical terminology. Be emotionally prepared. Be honest, empathise and show compassion. There has been extensive research into effective communication with patients Dougherty and Lister 2007 highlighted the importance of providing patients with the correct information, communicated in the correct way aided the patient to a quicker recovery. An article in the Nursing Times 2007 by Hamilton. S.J et al highlights a framework of communication skills effective in holistic nursing called the five Is. INTERACT with the patient. Establish the INTENTION of the interaction. Decide on the INTERVENTION to be used. Assess the IMPACT of the interventions. Evaluate the IMPLICATIONS of the subsequent information obtained and act accordingly. In order to get the patient to express their fears and anxieties a nurse needs to display strong and confident non-verbal communication skills and talk to the patient not at them, seeking as much information as possible. Most communication barriers can be overcome if the nurse (or any individual) is ready to try. Repeat open questions, make time for the patient and complete all patient notes thoroughly and to a Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011 standard that complies with NMC guidelines. Also remembering that a patients needs may change often but the level of communication should remain the same. On my placement I realised just how effective holistic nursing can be given the time and location. I observed a drug counsellor attempting to discuss a patients rehabilitation and how they intended to take it forward and at what pace and level. The drug counsellor had to find out if what type of drugs the patient was using, how often and were there any underlying physical or emotional reasons why the patient was a drug user. The patient was very withdrawn and didnt appear interested. The counsellor repeatedly asked him questions but the patient stared at his feet and didnt answer. He became noticeably agitated and his body language appeared to become aggressive (he folded his arms). The counsellor suggested they took a break and had a cup of tea. During the break the counsellor asked some indirect questions about the weather etc., I noticed the patient started to relax and build a rapport with the counsellor, this I feel was the counsellor gaining knowledge of the patients whole being not just his drug problem (this is a strong example of holistic care in an adult medical setting). On returning to the treatment room the patient seemed more relaxed and began to answer the counsellors questions whilst maintaining a good verbal and non-verbal communication. This was the first barrier I noticed being over come the second was the patients inability to read and complete a questionnaire. The counsellor sat and read the questions to the patient and then asked the patient to repeat the questions before answering them, ensuring that he had understood what she was asking. Jemma Harrison 20174222 October 2010 cohort Adult Nursing 9th January 2011

Karl Marx :: essays research papers

Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in a place called Trier in Prussia. Marx attended the university of Bonn and later the university at Berlin, where he studied in law, while majoring in history and philosophy. Marx handed in his doctoral thesis of the philosophy of Epicures, and finished college in 1841. After his education, Marx associated himself with the "Left Hegelians," along with Bruno Bauer, which were a group who formed atheistic and revolutionary ideas from Hegel's philosophy. In 1842 Marx and Bruno Bauer were asked to contribute to the Rheinische Zeitung, an opposition paper, in Cologne. Marx in October of 1842, became editor-in-chief, and decided to move from Bonn to Cologne. As the paper became more and more distinguished the government decided to censor, and eventually wasn't allowed. This paper stopped operation in March of 1843. Karl Marx was married to his childhood friend Jenny Von Westphalen, in 1843. Later in the fall of that year Marx along with another Left Hegelian, Arnold Ruge moved to Paris and began publication of a radical journal entitled Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher. However due to the difficulty in distributing such a radical paper, only one issue appeared. Karl met his closest friend in September of 1844, when Frederick Engels arrived in Paris. Together they participated in the activities of many revolutionary societies, and formed the theory and ideas of revolutionary proletarian socialism, also known as communism. Finally in 1845 Marx was banished from Paris as a dangerous revolutionary. He decided to head for Brussels, where he and Engels joined, in 1847, a group called the Communist League. At the leagues request Marx and Engels drew up the Communist Manifesto in 1848. Once the Revolution of February 1848 took place, Marx was again banished, except this time from Belgium. He briefly returned to France for the March Revolution, and then traveled to Germany where he published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, from June 1, 1848 to May 19, 1849. Again Marx was banished from Germany, and again he returned to Paris. After the demonstration of June 13 1849 Karl Marx was banished once again. That would be the last time Karl Marx was banished anywhere. His last voyage would take him to London where he would live for the rest of his life. Marx lived a hard life in London. If it had not been for the financial help from his good friend Engels, he would have not been able to continue his lifelong struggle.

Attitudes and Job Satisfaction

Chapter 3: General attitudes predict general behavior 3. Accessibility Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Attitudes: Evaluative Statements (fav. or unfav) about objects, people or events â€Å"I like my job† – Attitude about my job Components of Attitude: 1. Cognitive I am overloaded A description of or belief in the way things are Opinion / belief segment 2. Affective I hate this job More critical part of attitude Emotional or feeling segment of the attitude 3. Behavioral I am looking for another job Intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something Very interdependent components.Esp Cognition and Affect 2. Major Job Attitudes 1. Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics Job Involvement Degree to which people identify psychologically with their job+ consider perceived performance level as self-worth Psychological Empowerment – employee’s belief in the degree to which he/she is influencing the work environment, their competence, meaningfulness of job and perceived autonomy Memory-easy access-predicts our behavior We remember attitudes we express often 4. Presence of social pressuresNon Smoker working in Tobacco factory 5. Direct Experience with the attitude A-B bond will be much stronger with direct personal exp Eg: Asking college students about work pressure would not give substantial results Leon Festinger Conventional thought: Behavior is always assumed to follow from attitude Challenged by Leon Festinger – Attitudes follow behavior (eg: using a car you despised because you are forces to changes your attitude about the car) High amounts of JI and PE leads to reduced absences and lower turnover rates 3. Organizational Commitment 3 separate dimensions: a. b. . Affective Continuance Normative Cognitive Dissonance When an individual faces incompatibility across components of attitude or between attitude and behavior or attitudes themselves The normal human tend ency is to reduce this incompatibility and seek a stable state (minimum of dissonance*) *dissonance – means incongruity/disagreement Affective †¢ Emotional Attachment to Organzn (ALLEGIANCE) †¢ Perceived economic value of continuing with the Organzn †¢ Obligation to remain due to moral/ethical reasons OBLIGATION People want to have a consistency between their attitudes and behavior. ways employed: 1. Change their attitude / behavior Continuance 2. Develop a rationale for the discrepancy Eg: Tobacco Workers who do not smoke Desire to reduce Dissonance depends on: 1. 2. 3. Importance Influence Rewards Normative POS: Perceived Organization Support Degree to which employees believe that the †¢ †¢ Org. values their contribution and cares about their well being Moderating Variables of attitudes relations: 1. Importance of the Attitude Important attitudes reflect our fundamental values Show a strong relation to behavior 2. Correspondence to behavior Employee Engagement:Relatively new concept Involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for work Engaged employees have a deep commitment, whereas disengaged employees put only time and no energy/attention to work Specific attitudes predict specific behavior Namith Najeeb – PGP -15 -028 Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics 2 approaches to measuring JS: 1. Single Global Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Outcomes of Satisfaction & Dissatisfaction Job Satisfaction & Job Performance Happy Workers > Perform better Not a myth anymore, has been proved empirically Org . ith more satisfied employees perform better Job Satisfaction & OCB Organizational Citizenship Behavior Satisfied talk +ve about the company, help others and do more Fairness perception – giving back the goodness they received Job Satisfaction & Customer Satisfaction Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty Employee morale goes down – sales effected All things considered how satisfied are you with your job? Likert Scale: 2. Summation of Job Facets More sophisticated Identifies key elements in a job: Nature of job, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, co-worker relationsPersons with positive core self-evaluations (who believe in inner worth and basic competence) are more satisfied than people with negative core self-evaluations Job Satisfaction & Absenteeism More sick leave benefits encourage even satisfied employees to take leave of absence When several job opportunities are available dissatisfied employees have a higher absenteeism Job Satisfaction & Turnover* *Turnover-how long employees tend to stay Impact of Satisfied & Dissatisfied Workers at the Workplace Consequences of Dissatisfaction: Exit – Voice – Loyalty – Neglect Model (EVLN Model) ActiveMore stronger than relation between JS and absenteeism When more emp. opport. are available turnover increases with Job Dissatisfaction Employees with high human capital tend to turnover due to more perceived opportunities Job Satisfaction & Workplace Deviance Exit Destructive Neglect Voice Constructive Loyalty Consequences of Job Dissatisfaction and Antagonistic relations with co-workers can cause these undesirable behaviors: Unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing, tardiness This is called Deviant Behavior in the Workplace / Counterproductive Behavior / Employee Withdrawal PassiveExit: Looking to leave the Organization – resign/new position Voice: Actively & constructively attempt to improve conditions Suggests improvements, discusses prob with seniors Loyalty: Passively but optimistically waiting for improvements Speak up for the orgnzn in the face of criticism Trusting the orgnzn to â€Å"Do the right thing† Neglect: Passively allows condition to worsen Leads to: Chronic absenteeism / lateness, Reduced effort Increased error rate Namith Najeeb – PGP -15 -0 28 To solve employee dissatisfaction try to solve the cause of the satisfaction than trying to control or respond to different consequences of job dissatisfaction